【考研英语】同源文详解141期网上的事实与谎言谎言满天(考研英语网课)

行文脉络：借由法国大革命引出话题：谎言（第一段）——介绍研究发现：推特上，谎言比事实传播的更快更远（第二段）——介绍研究过程和结果、分析原因、阐释意义（第三至六段）——总结全文：社交媒体公司将面临更多冲击（第七段）。

ii two centuries later the methods for spreading nonsense are much improved. in the first paper of its kind, published in science on march 8th, soroush vosoughi and his colleagues at the massachusetts institute of technology present evidence that, on twitter at least, false stories travel faster and farther than true ones.

iii ①the study, carried out at mit’s laboratory for social machines, showed this by examining every tweet sent between 2006 and 2017. ②the researchers usedstatistical modelsto classify tweets as false or true, by applying data taken from six independent fact-checking organisations. ③that allowed them to categorise over 4.5m tweets about 126,000 different stories. ④those stories were then ranked according to how they spread among twitter’s users.

iv ①the results werestark. ②false information was retweeted by more people than the true stuff, and faster toboot. ③true stories took, on average, six times longer than falsehoods to reach at least 1,500 people. ④only about 0.1% of true stories were shared by more than 1,000 people, but 1% of false stories managed between 1,000 and 100,000 shares.

v ①the reason false information does better than the true stuff is simple, say the researchers. ②things spread through social networks because they areappealing, not because they are true. ③one way to make news appealing is to make it novel. ④sure enough, when the researchers checked how novel a tweet was (by comparing it, statistically, with other tweets) they found false tweets were significantly more novel than the true ones. ⑤untrue stories were also more likely to inspire emotions such as fear, disgust and surprise, whereas genuine onesprovokedanticipation, sadness, joy and trust, leading to the rather depressing conclusion that people prefer to share stories that generate strong negative reactions. ⑥perhaps not coincidentally, fake political news was the most likely togo viral.

vi ①the paper also sheds some of the first peer-reviewed light on the impact of “bots”—automatedaccountsposingas real people. ②the idea that russian bots in particular helpedswayamerica’s presidential election haslodgeditself firmly in the public consciousness. ③yet the paper finds that, on twitter at least, the presence of bots does not seem to boost the spread of falsehoods relative to truth.

vii ①the researchers were able to conduct a study of this breadth thanks to the business relationship between one of theirnumber, deb roy, and twitter, which provided its entire historical dataset ata steep discount. ②but more are likely to come. ③technology companies, and particularly social-media firms, are facing abacklashfrom regulators and consumers worried about the harm from their products. ④twitter,for its part, has said it is ready to offer the same dataset to other outside experts.

ii two centuries later the methods for spreading nonsense are much improved. in the first paper of its kind, published in science on march 8th, soroush vosoughi and his colleagues at the massachusetts institute of technology present evidence that, on twitter at least, false stories travel faster and farther than true ones.
翻译：两个世纪以后，散播谣言的方法更加先进了。3月8日发表在《科学》杂志上的第一篇同类论文中，麻省理工学院的苏鲁什·沃索菲和他的同事们提出证据，证明了至少在推特上，虚假故事比真实故事传播的更快更远。
点评：段ii介绍一项研究发现——推特上的虚假故事比真实故事传播的更快更远。①与上段衔接，指出谣言的散播方式现在更加先进。②引出本文要介绍的一项研究发现——推特上，虚假故事比真实故事传播的更快更远。

iii ①the study, carried out at mit’s laboratory for social machines, showed this by examining every tweet sent between 2006 and 2017. ②the researchers usedstatistical modelsto classify tweets as false or true, by applying data taken from six independent fact-checking organisations. ③that allowed them to categorise over 4.5m tweets about 126,000 different stories. ④those stories were then ranked according to how they spread among twitter’s users.
翻译：这项在麻省理工学院社交机器实验室进行的研究，通过检查2006到2017年发送的每条推特，证明了这一点。根据六家独立事实核查机构的数据，研究人员利用统计模型将推文分为了假推文和真推文。这使他们能够对有关126000个不同故事、超过450万条推特进行分类。然后根据这些故事在推特用户中的传播情况，对其排序。
点评：段iii介绍该研究的研究过程。①说明研究地点和研究范围。②③④具体介绍研究过程：利用独立事实核查机构的数据，对推特进行分类，再根据传播情况对故事进行排序。

iv ①the results werestark. ②false information was retweeted by more people than the true stuff, and faster toboot. ③true stories took, on average, six times longer than falsehoods to reach at least 1,500 people. ④only about 0.1% of true stories were shared by more than 1,000 people, but 1% of false stories managed between 1,000 and 100,000 shares.
翻译：结果非常明显。虚假信息比真实信息被更多人转发，且转发速度更快。真实故事平均要比谎言多花六倍的时间才能传播给1500人。只有大约0.1%的真实故事被超过1000人分享，但有1%的虚假故事成功达到1000到10000次转发。
点评：段iv介绍研究结果。①总体说明研究结果非常明显。②③④详述研究结果：虚假信息比真实信息被更多人转发，且转发速度更快。

v ①the reason false information does better than the true stuff is simple, say the researchers. ②things spread through social networks because they areappealing, not because they are true. ③one way to make news appealing is to make it novel. ④sure enough, when the researchers checked how novel a tweet was (by comparing it, statistically, with other tweets) they found false tweets were significantly more novel than the true ones. ⑤untrue stories were also more likely to inspire emotions such as fear, disgust and surprise, whereas genuine onesprovokedanticipation, sadness, joy and trust, leading to the rather depressing conclusion that people prefer to share stories that generate strong negative reactions. ⑥perhaps not coincidentally, fake political news was the most likely togo viral.
翻译：研究人员说，虚假信息比真实信息传播更广、更快的原因很简单。事情通过社交网络传播是因为他们吸引人，而不是因为他们是真实的。让新闻有吸引力的一个途径是让它变得新奇。果然，当研究人员检查一条推特的新奇程度时（用统计方法将其与其他推特进行比较），他们发现，虚假推特明显比真实推特更加新奇。虚假故事也更有可能激发一些诸如恐惧、恶心、惊奇之类的情感，而真实故事激发的则是期待、悲伤、喜悦和信任，这导致了一个令人非常沮丧的结论，即人们更愿意分享那些产生强烈负面反应的故事。也许并非巧合，虚假的政治新闻也最有可能疯狂传播。
点评：段v对研究结果进行分析。①总述原因非常简单。②③④指出原因一：虚假信息更加新奇、更有吸引力。⑤指出原因二：人们更愿意分享那些产生负面反应的故事。⑥举例论证上述原因：虚假的政治新闻更可能疯狂传播。

vi ①the paper also sheds some of the first peer-reviewed light on the impact of “bots”—automatedaccountsposingas real people. ②the idea that russian bots in particular helpedswayamerica’s presidential election haslodgeditself firmly in the public consciousness. ③yet the paper finds that, on twitter at least, the presence of bots does not seem to boost the spread of falsehoods relative to truth.
翻译：这篇文章还首次对“机器人”——冒充真人的自动账户——的影响进行了同行评议。俄罗斯自动账号特别影响了美国总统大选这一看法已经根植于公众的意识中。但是这篇文章发现，至少在推特上，相对于真相，自动程序的出现似乎并不会促进谎言的传播。
点评：段vi介绍此项研究的其他发现——自动程序不会更加促进谎言的传播。①指出此研究还对自动账户的影响进行了评判。②③先说明大众观点（自动账号影响美国大选），转而（yet）指出研究发现自动程序并不会特别促进谎言的传播。

vii ①the researchers were able to conduct a study of this breadth thanks to the business relationship between one of theirnumber, deb roy, and twitter, which provided its entire historical dataset ata steep discount. ②but more are likely to come. ③technology companies, and particularly social-media firms, are facing abacklashfrom regulators and consumers worried about the harm from their products. ④twitter,for its part, has said it is ready to offer the same dataset to other outside experts.
翻译：研究人员能够作出如此大范围的研究多亏了其中一名研究人员黛博罗伊和推特之间的商业关系，推特才以极低的折扣提供了其完整的历史数据集。但更多风雨可能即将到来。科技公司，特别是社交媒体公司，正面临监管者和消费者的强烈反对，他们担心其产品会造成危害。推特，就其本身而言，表示已经准备好给其他外部专家提供相同的数据组。
点评：段vii总结全文——科技公司，特别是社交媒体公司将会面对更多冲击。①先指出如此大范围的研究归功于推特提供的数据集。②③④转折（but）指出更多事情会到来：社交媒体公司面临强烈冲击；推特已经准备好为更多研究提供便利。

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