sectionⅰuse of english
directions：
read the following text. choose the best word（s）from each numbered blank and mark a，b，c or d on answer sheet 1.（10 points）
一、美陪审团准则
as former colonists of great britain，the founding fathers of the united states adopted much of the legal system of great britain. we have a“common law”，or law made by courts__1__a monarch or other central governmental__2__like a legislature. the jury，a__3__of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case，is an__4__ part of our common-law system.
use of juries to decide cases is a__5__feature of the american legal system. few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the united states.__6__the centuries，many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result__7__would be obtained using a judge__8__，as many countries do.__9__a jury decides cases after“__10__”，or discussions among a group of people，the jury‘s decision is likely to have the__11__ from many different people from different backgrounds，who must as a group decide what is right.
juries are used in both civil cases，which decide__12__ among__13__ citizens，and criminal cases，which decide cases brought by the government __14__ that individuals have committed crimes. juries are selected from the u.s. citizens and__15__. jurors，consisting of __16__ numbers，are called for each case requiring a jury.
the judge__17__to the case__18__the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. in some states，__19__jurors are questioned by the judge；in others，they are questioned by the lawyers representing the__20__under rules dictated by state law.
1. [a] other than [b] rather than [c] more than [d] or rather
2. [a] agency [b] organization [c] institution [d] authority
3. [a] panel [b] crew [c] band [d] flock
4. [a] innate [b] intact [c] integral [d] integrated
5. [a]discriminating[b] distinguishing [c] determining [d] diminishing
6. [a] in [b] by [c] after [d] over
7. [a] that [b] which [c] than [d] as
8. [a] alike [b] alone [c] altogether [d] apart
9. [a] although [b] because [c] if [d] while
10.[a] deliberations [b] meditations [c] reflections [d] speculations
11.[a] outline [b] outcome [c] input [d] intake
12.[a] arguments [b] controversies [c] disputes [d] hostilities
13.[a] fellow [b] individual [c] personal [d] private
14.[a] asserting [b] alleging [c] maintaining [d] testifying
15.[a] assembled [b] evoked [c] rallied [d] summoned
16.[a] set [b] exact [c] given [d] placed
17.[a] allocated [b] allotted [c] appointed [d] assigned
18.[a] administers [b] manages [c] oversees [d] presides
19.[a] inspective [b] irrespective [c] perspective [d] prospective
20.[a] bodies [b] parties [c] sides [d] units
答案
1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. d 7.c 8.b 9. b 10. a
11. c 12. c 13.d 14.b 15. d 16. a 17. d 18. c 19. d 20. b
全体分析
这篇文章介绍了美国的陪审团准则。第一段指出，陪审团是美国一起法体系的根柢构成有些。第二段分析了运用陪审团的缘由。第三和四段别离介绍了陪审团的类型和推举程序。
全文翻译
美国的建国之父们作为大英帝国的前殖民者沿用了其法令体系。咱们有“一起法”，即由法庭而非君主或其他像立法机关这样的中心政府权力机关拟定的法令。陪审团由一群选来判决案子的一般公民构成，是咱们一起法体系根柢的构成有些。
运用陪审团判决案子是美王法令体系的一个显着特征。在世界上很稀有其他国家和美国相同运用陪审团。几个世纪以来，许多人现已信赖在大大都情况下陪审团比许多国家那样单独运用一位法官达到的成果更公正、公正。因为陪审团判决案子是在一群人“审议”或谈论后，因而他们的抉择可以遭到不一样布景的不一样人的影响，这些人有必要作为一个集体来抉择啥是正确的。
陪审团既被用在判决一般公民之间纠缠的民事案子中，也用在判决政府提出讼诉声称自个违法的刑事案子中。陪审团成员从美国公民中选出并被传唤。由固定人数构成的陪审团在每一个需要陪审团的案子中都会被呼唤。
被指派担任案子的法官监督陪审团成员的推举。在一些州，将来的陪审团成员由法官问询，而在另一些州，他们遵循州法令规则的法规承受代表各方当事人的律师的问询。
二、英国车速监控体系
the treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the country‘s speed camera network is expanded. motoring organizations warned that the __1__could become a poll tax on wheels’，__2__huge number of drivers. there could be many more incidents of vandalism __3__cameras.the warnings came__4__a daily mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces in england and wales were either__5__to expansion plans or considering __6__.
nationwide，the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble，__7__ 90 million a year.__8__the scheme，police keep some of the cash from fines to __9__the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and__10__that existing ones always have film in them. the rest will go to the treasury. both ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed__11__at making roads safer. they point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by __12__a half.
but motoring organizations fear cameras will be sited on relatively safe__13__fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. some forces are also expected to__14__the“threshold”speeds at which cameras are__15__to the absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit，and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. this could encourage drivers to stare at their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road，and __16__to more accidents. sue nicholson，head of campaigns at the rac，said，“we don‘t have a problem with speed cameras __17__. but we do have concerns about__18__they are sited. police risk losing credibility __19__motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising __20__safety devices.”
1. [a] promotions [b] punishments [c] penalties [d] payments
2. [a] isolating [b] separating [c] alienating [d] detaching
3. [a] towards [b] against [c] before [d] over
4. [a] so [b] once [c] as [d] where
5. [a] subjected [b] engaged [c] intended [d] committed
6. [a] taking part [b] keeping silence [c] making exception [d] paying respect
7. [a] financing [b] profiting [c] funding [d] netting
8. [a] from [b] under [c] on [d] with
9. [a] hide [b] cover [c] conceal [d] veil
10. [a] pledging [b] assuring [c] confirming [d] ensuring
11. [a] essentially [b] strongly [c] wholeheartedly [d] purely
12. [a] in all [b] fewer than [c] at most [d] up to
13. [a] but [b] whereas [c] though [d] while
14. [a] fit [b] put [c] set [d] fix
15. [a] levered [b] geared [c] handled [d] triggered
16. [a] lead [b] add [c] contribute [d] resort
17. [a] any less [b] by itself [c] after all [d] as such
18. [a] who [b] when [c] where [d] which
19. [a] in [b] with [c] against [d] for
20. [a] in spite of [b] far from [c] rather than [d] by means of
答案
1. c 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. d 8. b 9.b 10. d
11. d 12.d 13. a 14. c 15. b 16. a 17. d 18. c 19.b 20.c
全体分析
这篇文章叙说了英国车速监控摄像体系扩展方案的内容及影响，偏重论说了这一方案的撑持者（差人和财务部分）和对立者（机动车打点机构）的观念。
全文翻译
一旦扩展车速监控摄像体系，这个国家财务部每年就能从罚款中额定添加2000万收入。机动车打点机构警告说这种罚款可以变成对轿车征收的人头税，然后疏远许多驾御者。也可以呈现更多损坏摄像机的作业。警告呈现的一起，《每日邮报》的查询发现英格兰和威尔士的23支警力几乎都有所行为，不是尽力于安设监控体系的扩展方案，就是在思考参加其间。
估计（在施行监控体系后）全国规模内违章超速行进的罚奇数量会添加两倍，罚款数目一年达9000万。依照方案，差人保存一有些罚款用以付出设备和修补新摄像机的费用，而且保证现有的摄像机中老是装有胶卷。其他的罚款将上缴财务部。财务部长们和差人都坚持认为该方案的意图是前进公路的平安性。他们指出8个试点区域撞车事端削减了四分之一，严峻伤亡事端削减至一半。
可是机动车打点机构忧虑差人为了多开罚单会把摄像机装在相对平安但行车速度较快的直行道上，还会为车速监控摄像机设置最低合法车速标准，如把正常的每小时10英里限速前进到每小时15英里，每小时20英里限速前进到每小时26英里。这样做会使司机盯着自个的旅程计而不把精力会集到路面上，然后引发更多的交通事端。英国皇家轿车沙龙（rac）活动担任人休。尼科尔森说，“严肃上说，咱们对车速监控摄像机并无定见，咱们担忧的是它们被安设的地址。假定把监控摄像机视为（政府）聚聚财务收入的办法而不是平安设备，那么差人就可以损失他们在驾御者心目中的威信”。
三、群众媒体
the mass media is a big part of our culture，yet it can also be a helper，adviser and teacher to our young generation. the mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a（an）__1__for a number of institutions and social contacts. in this way，it__2__ a variety of functions in human life.
the time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the__3__ of leisure：there is less time for games，amusement and rest.__4__ by what is happening on the screen，children not only imitate what they see but directly__5__ themselves with different characters. americans have been concerned about the__6__ of violence in the media and its__7__harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. during this period，new media __8__，such as video games，cable television，music videos，and the internet. as they continue to gain popularity，these media，__9__television，__10__public concern and research attention.
another large societal concern on our young generation__11__by the media，is body image.__12__forces can influence body image positively or negatively.__13__one，societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing__14__our concepts of beauty. in the mass media，the images of__15__beauty fill magazines and newspapers，__16__from our televisions and entertain us__17__the movies. even in advertising，the mass media__18__on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. young adults are presented with a__19__defined standard of attractiveness，a（n）__20__that carries unrealistic physical expectations.
1. [a] alternative [b] preference [c] substitute [d] representative
2. [a] accomplishes[b] fulfills [c] provides [d] suffices
3. [a] risk [b] mercy [c] height [d] expense
4. [a] absorbed [b] attracted [c] aroused [d] addicted
5. [a] identify [b] recognize [c] unify [d] equate
6. [a] abundance [b] incidence [c] prevalence [d] reccurrence
7. [a] disposed [b] hidden [c] implicit [d] potential
8. [a] merged [b] emerged [c] immerged [d] submerged
9. [a] apart from [b] much as [c] but for [d] along with
10. [a] promote [b] propel [c] prompt [d] prosper
11. [a] inspired [b] imposed [c] delivered [d] contributed
12. [a] external [b] exterior [c] explicit [d] exposed
13. [a] as [b] at [c] for [d] in
14. [a] mark [b] effect [c] impact [d] shock
15. [a] generalized [b] regularized [c] standardized[d] categorized
16. [a] boom [b] bottom [c] brim [d] beam
17. [a] over [b] with [c] on [d] at
18. [a] play [b] take [c] profit [d] resort
19. [a] barely [b] carefully [c] narrowly [d] subjectively
20. [a] ideal [b] image [c] stereotype [d] criterion
答案
1. c 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. d 8. b 9.d 10. c
11. b 12.a 13. c 14. c 15. c 16. a 17. d 18. a 19.c 20.a
全体分析
这篇文章首要论说了群众前言对青少年发生的影响。第一段指出，群众前言可以替代社会机构和社会交游在年青人的日子中起着林林总总的作用。第二段指出，因为青少年仿照他们在电视中看到的甚至将其与实际相混杂，我们一向担忧前言对他们可以发生损害。第三段前言对美的狭隘界定对青少年的不良影响。
全文翻译
群众媒体是咱们文明的重要构成有些，可是它也可以变成年青一代的辅佐、主张者和教师。群众前言作为许多机构和社会交游的替代品影响着年青人的日子。经过这种方法，它在我们日子中起到了林林总总的作用。
在电视屏幕前耗费的时刻常常是以休闲为价值的，即有更少的时刻用于游戏、文娱和歇息。因为被电视屏幕上的东西招引，孩子们不只仿照他们看到的，而且还直接将自个视为电视中的各种不一样的人物。美国人对媒体中暴力的广泛及其对孩子和青少年的潜在损害的担忧至少现已有四十年了。在这段时期里，新的媒体，如：电视游戏、有线电视、音乐录像带以及网络呈现了。因为这些媒体持续遭到等待，它们连同电视一同致使了大众的担忧和研讨的留心。
媒体使年青一代遭到社会另一大重视的方面是身体形象疑问。外部力气能对身体形象发生正面和负面的影响。举例来说，社会文明标准和群众前言的推广冲击着咱们关于美的观念。在群众前言中，标准佳人的形象充溢着报刊杂志，从电视中播映出来，在影片中文娱着咱们。甚至群众前言还在广告中使用公认的瘦和安康的文明价值来赢得商业获利。青少年被给予的是狭隘界定的招引力的标准，它是一种包括着对外形的不真实际的期望的完满标准。
四、英国的饮食与安康
a recent parliamentary report blames the government and the food industry for the growth in obesity. the department of transport is blamed for not doing enough to__1__facilities for pedestrians and cyclists while__2__ to pressure from motoring organizations representing car users. the ministry of education is__3__of selling off school playing fields and not doing enough to__4__adequate facilities for physical education and games. young people in britain have become crazy about football（soccer and rugby），but too often as__5__“couch potatoes”。
the food industry is blamed for promoting junk food to school children and not doing enough to__6__down on sugar，fats and salt in prepared foods. the industry，__7__by the current popularity of the atkins low-carbohydrate diet，has begun to __8__，but it is trying to protect a huge market and will need to do__9__more if it is to__10__off increased regulation.
japan seems less__11__so far by the problem of obesity，__12__ as the japanese diet becomes increasingly__13__（burgers and doughnuts）the problem will grow. __14__，japanese cuisine has become highly popular in britain. it is seen as healthy in a different way from the mediterranean diet__15__its emphasis on tomatoes and olive oil combined with red wine.
a fairly small amount of red wine is now__16__as beneficial to the heart，__17__its other encouraging properties. but britain has to do more to__18__the problems of alcoholism__19__with the binge-drinking culture—including violence and vandalism. limited consumption of alcohol，as long as it is not__20__with driving，is harmless and possibly beneficial.
1. [a] stimulate [b] commend [c] promote [d] elevate
2. [a] submitting [b] subjecting [c] subordinating [d] surrendering
3. [a] charged [b] denounced [c] scolded [d] accused
4. [a] assure [b] ensure [c] secure [d] guard
5. [a] speculating [b] spectating [c] specializing [d] sightseeing
6. [a] fall [b] get [c] cut [d] bring
7. [a] stung [b] bitten [c] chewed [d] licked
8. [a] retort [b] refute [c] respond [d] resolve
9. [a] abundantly [b] considerably [c] extensively [d] principally
10. [a] defend [b] beat [c] hold [d] ward
11. [a] upset [b] affected [c] effected [d] impressed
12. [a] or [b] for [c] but [d] if
13. [a] popularized [b] globalized [c] westernized [d] localized
14. [a] accordingly[b] interestingly [c] surprisingly [d] strikingly
15. [a] as [b] on [c] but [d] with
16. [a] accepted [b] approved [c] assumed [d] acknowledged
17. [a] but for [b] let alone [c] regardless of [d] much less
18. [a] cope [b] challenge [c] tackle [d] undertake
19. [a] matched [b] related [c] united [d] associated
20. [a] bonded [b] combined [c] merged [d] incorporated
答案
1.c 2.a 3.d 4.b 5.b 6.c 7.a 8.c 9.b 10.d
11.b 12.c 13.c 14.b 15.d 16.a 17. b 18.c 19.d 20.b
全体分析
这篇文章首要介绍了英国饮食存在的疑问。第一至二段指出，英国政府和食物工业被责备致使肥胖患者的增多。第三段指出，一方面日本饮食因日益西化，肥胖疑问变得严峻；另一方面，日本饮食在英国很盛行，被视为安康饮食。第四段指出适度喝酒对身体有利，但英国要唐塞的是与过度引酒有关的疑问。
全文翻译
一份迩来的议会陈述责备政府和食物工业致使肥胖患者增多。交通部分被责备在推前进行和骑车设备的打开方面做得不可，而且屈从于代表轿车运用者的机动车组织的压力。教育部被责备出卖学校的操场，在保证供给用于体育教育和游戏的足够设备方面做得不可。英国的年青人为足球和橄榄球而张狂，但更多的只是坐在家里看电视的“沙发马铃薯”。
食物工业被指控向学生兜销废物食物，在削减熟食中糖、脂肪和盐含量方面做得不可。遭到当前艾特金斯低碳水化合物饮食潮流的影响，食物工业现已有所反应，可是它要尽力维护一个巨大的商场，而且假定要避开日益增多的规则，它需要做的作业还许多。
迄今中止，日本看上去受肥胖疑问的影响较小，可是跟着日自己食谱的日益西化（夹饼和油炸圈饼），疑问会变得严峻。风趣的是，日式烹饪在英国很盛行。它被看作是有别于地中海饮食的另一种安康饮食，后者偏重于西红柿和橄榄油以及与之相联系的红酒。
稍饮红酒如今被认为有利于心脏，更不必说红酒其它令人振奋的性格。可是英国人还需要做许多作业来处置与狂饮文明有关的酗酒疑问——包括暴力和损坏行为。有控制的酒类花费，只需不好驾御行为搭伴，就是无害的并可所以有利的。
五、失眠
chronic insomnia is a major public health problem. and too many people are using__1__ therapies，even while there are a few treatments that do work. millions of americans __2__awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or __3__an pill，hoping it will make them sleepy.__4__ experts agree all that self-medicating is a bad idea，and the causes of chronic insomnia remain__5__.
almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping，and about 10 percent have__6__ of daytime impairment that signal true insomnia. but __7__the complaints，scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia，its health consequences and how best to treat it，a panel of specialists __8__together by the national institutes of health concluded wednesday. the panel called__9__a broad range of research into insomnia，__10__that if scientists understood its __11__causes，they could develop better treatments.
most，but not all，insomnia is thought to __12__other health problems，from arthritis and depression to cardiovascular disease. the question often is whether the insomnia came first or was a result of the other diseases and how trouble sleeping in__13__complicates those other problems. other diseases __14__，the risk of insomnia seems to increase with age and to be more __15__among women，especially after their 50s. smoking，caffeine and numerous __16__drugs also affect sleep.
the nih is spending about $200 million this year on sleep-related research，some__17__to specific disorders and others __18__the underlying scientific laws that control the nervous system of sleep. the agency was__19__the panel‘s review before deciding what additional work should be__20__ at insomnia.
1. [a] unproven [b] unknown [c] improper [d] imperative
2. [a] fall [b] lie [c] seem [d] become
3. [a] prescribe [b] pop [c] abuse [d] experiment
4. [a] and [b] though [c] thus [d] but
5. [a] peculiar [b] anonymous [c] mysterious [d] unexpected
6. [a] signals [b] symptoms [c] signs [d] symbols
7. [a] in addition to[b] except for [c] owing to [d] for all
8. [a] pulled [b] collected [c] brought [d] drawn
9. [a] on [b] for [c] up [d] in
10. [a] noting [b] notifying [c] nosing [d] nominating
11. [a] undertaking[b] underlining [c] underlying [d] undermining
12. [a] cause [b] accompany [c] follow [d] attend
13. [a] short [b] case [c] essence [d] turn
14. [a] inside [b] outside [c] aside [d] besides
15. [a] common [b] popular [c] frequent [d] regular
16. [a] conscription[b] description [c] subscription[d] prescription
17. [a] aimed [b] targeted [c] designated [d] designed
18. [a] examining [b] inspecting [c] verifying [d] assessing
19. [a] conducting [b] awaiting [c] receiving [d] considering
20. [a] assigned [b] charged [c] directed [d] attended
答案
1.a 2.b 3.b 4.d 5.c 6.b 7.d 8.c 9.b 10.a
11.c 12.b 13.d 14.c 15.a 16.d 17.b 18.a 19.b 20.c
全体分析
这篇文章首要介绍了对失眠的研讨作业。文章第一段指出缓慢失眠是一个重要的公共安康疑问，但其致病缘由仍是个迷。第二段介绍了（美）全国清洁研讨所一个专家小组的结论，该小组呼吁对失眠进行广泛的研讨。第三段谈论了失眠与其他要素，如疾病、年纪、药物等的联络。第四段介绍了（美）全国清洁研讨所对失眠正在进行的研求情况。
全文翻译
缓慢失眠是一个首要的公共安康疑问。而且，太多人正运用未经历证的医治办法，尽管有些办法的确是有用的。上百万的美国人夜里睡不着觉，躺着数羔羊、喝杯烈酒或吞个药片，期望这会使他们发生困意。可是，专家们共同认为，自作主张乱吃药并不是处置失眠的好办法，致使缓慢失眠的缘由当前仍是一个谜。
几乎有1/3的成年人存在睡觉妨碍，而且大约10%的人有白日功用减退的表现，这些表现标明他们的确患上了失眠症。可是，一个由（美）全国清洁研讨所召集的专家小组在周三得出这样的结论：尽管（社会上关于长时刻失眠的）诉苦许多，但科学家们对长时刻失眠的缘由，它对安康的影响以及如何有用地医治都知之甚少。该专家小组呼吁对失眠症进行广泛研讨，指出假定科学家们晓得了失眠的潜在缘由，他们可以会发现非常好的医治办法。
许多，但不是一切的失眠症被认为伴跟着其他安康疑问发生，从关节炎、抑郁到汗水管疾病。而疑问一般是不晓得是先发生失眠，仍是失眠是其他疾病的成果，以及失眠如何又使其他疑问变得愈加凌乱。放下其他疾病不说，失眠的可以性跟着年纪的添加而添加，而且在妇女中愈加广泛，特别是50岁今后。吸烟、咖啡因及许多的处方药也影响睡觉。
（美）全国清洁研讨所本年要花大约2000亿美元用于睡觉的有关研讨，其间一些以特定的（睡觉）失调为方针，另外一些调查控制睡觉神经体系的潜在科学规则。该机构正等候专家小组的谈论以抉择对失眠进行的下一步研讨作业。
六、听的行为
a recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the united states believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. as a（an）__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. she was so __5__that 
she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. the audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“there‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. she’s just __6__you out.”
a leading cause of the __7__divorce rate（more than half of all marriages end in divorce）is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. they don‘t listen to each other. neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.
in __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe
that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. why？because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. in fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. the following is a true story：at a national__14__conference held in albuquerque some years ago，then senator joseph montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. when he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. he began，“for immediate release. senator joseph m. montoya，democrat of new mexico，last night told the national……”montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.”
1.[a] scarce [b] little [c] rare [d] poor
2.[a] malignant [b] deficient [c] ineffective [d] feeble
3.[a] case [b] example [c] lesson [d] suggestion
4.[a] audio [b] aural [c] hearing [d] listening
5.[a] believing [b] convinced [c] assured [d] doubtless
6.[a] turning [b] tuning [c] tucking [d] tugging
7.[a] rising [b] arising [c] raising [d] arousing
8.[a] exchange [b] interchange [c] encounter [d] interact
9.[a] relates [b] refers [c] responds [d] resorts
10.[a] like [b] alike [c] likely [d] likewise
11.[a] nominated [b] selected [c] appointed [d] supported
12.[a] connection [b] reach [c] association [d] touch
13.[a] leading [b] representing [c]delegating [d] supporting
14.[a] legislative [b] legitimate [c] legalized [d] liberal
15.[a] distributed [b] awarded [c] handed [d] submitted
16.[a] present [b] publish [c] deliver [d] pursue
17.[a] to [b] with [c] for [d] on
18.[a] joy [b] enjoyment [c] amusement [d] delight
19.[a] conclude [b] to conclude [c] concluding [d] concluded
20.[a] disrupted [b] interfered [c] interrupted [d] stopped
答案
1.d 2.b 3.a 4.c 5.b 6.b 7.a 8.d 9.c 10.a
11.c 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.c 16.c 17.a 18.c 19.c 20.c
全体分析
这篇文章首要谈论了听行为对人际交流的影响。文章第一段从父母和子孙之间的交活启航，阐明儿女不听父母的话构成了他们之间的隔阂。第二段从婚姻的视点启航，阐明夫妻两边的互不答理构成交流不畅，然后使离婚率上升。第三段从政治的视点启航，阐明政府官员不倾听选民甚至不介意自个所说的话，构成官民隔阂。例子法是这篇文章选用的首要的证明办法。
全文翻译
迩来的一项民意查验闪现：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且构成这种隔阂的一个首要缘由是有不睬想的倾听行为。一个典型的比方是，一位母亲认为她女儿有严峻的听力疑问。她对此深信无疑，所以就带着女儿去听觉病矫治专家那儿查看她的耳朵。专家细心查看了两只耳朵，然后告诉这位母亲说：?奶γ灰晌剩皇遣淮鹄砟愣选！?br>
离婚率上升（一半以上的婚姻以离婚告终）的一个首要缘由是夫妻间不能有用地交流。他们彼此不闻不问。两人对对方宣告的切当信息都毫无反应。
相同地，据政治科学家报导，越来越多的人信赖他们推举指派的官员与其本应代表的选民失掉了联络。为啥呢？因为这些人认为他们不需要倾听选民的定见。实践上，有时咱们的政治家们如同连自个的声响都不听。下面是一个真实的比方：在几年前亚柏克尔克举办的全国立法会议上，一位新闻助理在其时的参议员约瑟夫。蒙图亚讲演前交给了他一份新闻稿。令该新闻助理大吃一惊而使听众感到风趣的是，当蒙图亚起来说话时，他读的不是讲演稿而是那份新闻稿。蒙图亚先生以“即时新闻稿。新墨西哥州的民主党参议员约瑟夫。蒙图亚昨晚在全国……上说……”初步，读完了悉数的六页新闻稿，并以他“不时被掌声打断”结束。
七、日本铁路车站的经济方案
there is growing interest in east japan railway co. ltd，one of the six companies，created out of the privatized nationa__l__ railway system. in an industry lacking exciting growth1，its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations__2__is drawing interest.
in a plan called“station renaissance”that it__3__in november，jr east said that it would__4__using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants，extending them to__5__more suitable for the information age. it wants train stations as pick-up__6__for such goods as books，flowers and groceries__7__over the internet. in a country where city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting，about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway，the company __10__. so，picking up commodities at train stations__11__consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries. jr east already has been using its station__12__stores for this purpose，but it plans to create__13__spaces for the delivery of internet goods.
the company also plans to introduce __14__cards—known in japan as ic cards because they use integrated circuit for__15__information__16__ train tickets and commuter passes__17__the magnetic ones used today，integrating them into a/an __18__pass. this will save the company money，because__19__for ic cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. increased use of ic cards should also__20__the space needed for ticket vending.
1.[a] perspectives [b] outlooks [c] prospects [d] spectacles
2.[a] creatively [b] originally [c] authentically [d] initially
3.[a] displayed [b] demonstrated [c] embarked [d] unveiled
4.[a] go beyond [b] set out [c] come around [d] spread over
5.[a] applications [b] enterprises [c] functions [d]performances
6.[a] districts [b] vicinities [c] resorts [d] locations
7.[a] acquired [b] purchased [c] presided [d] attained
8.[a] lodgers [b] tenants [c] dwellers [d] boarders
9.[a] for [b] in [c] of [d] as
10.[a] figures [b] exhibits [c] convinces [d] speculates
11.[a] deprives [b] retrieves [c] spares [d] exempts
12.[a] conjunction [b] convenience [c] department [d] ornament
13.[a] delegated [b] designated [c] devoted [d] dedicated
14.[a] clever [b] smart [c] ingenious [d] intelligent
15.[a] checking [b] gathering [c] holding [d] accommodating
16.[a] as [b] for [c] with [d] of
17.[a] but for [b] as well as [c] instead of [d] more than
18.[a] unique [b] single [c] unitary [d] only
19.[a] devices [b] instruments [c] readers [d] examiners
20.[a] reduce [b] narrow [c] dwarf [d] shrink
答案
1.c 2.a 3.d 4.a 5.c 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.a 10.a
11.c 12.b 13.d 14.b 15.c 16.a 17.c 18.b 19.c 20.a
全体分析
这篇文章介绍了东日本铁路公司引人重视的新方案。文章第一段介绍说东日本铁路公司创造性有利地势用车站内部及周围房地产的方案正致使越来越多人的重视。第二段具体介绍了这一方案的内容及优点，即习气信息年代的需求，把车站作为网上购物的物品收取地，这样既为花费者供给了便利，又前进了投递物品的平安性。第三段介绍了该公司引入智能卡替代当前运用的各种磁卡作车票的方案及其利益。
全文翻译
经过国家铁路体系的私有化创建起来的六大公司之一的东日本铁路有限公司，正招引着越来越多人的目光。在一个打开前景不振的作业，它创造性有利地势用车站内部及周围的房地产的方案正致使我们的重视。
东日本铁路在11月份发布的“车站复兴”方案中说：它将不只把它的商业空位用于开商铺和饭馆，而且还要把这些商业空位用于愈加习气信息年代的功用上去。它方案把车站作为网上所购物品如书本、花卉和日用百货等的收取地。该公司预算，在一个都市人严峻依靠列车作为上下班交通东西的国度里，每天大约有1600万人因各种缘由来到它的车站。因而，在车站收取物品使花费者节约了旅程而且也不像往家里投递那样简略丢掉。东日本铁路现已初步把车站的便当店用于这一意图，但它方案为网上货品的投递创建专门的空间。
该公司还方案引入智能卡（在日本称为ic卡，因为它们使用集成电路储存信息）替代当前运用的磁卡作为车票和守时券，把各种不一样的票券合为一体。这将为公司节约资金，因为ic卡的读卡机比磁体系要廉价的多。ic卡运用的添加还将会削减售票所占用的空间。
8、老龄化
aging poses a serious challenge to oecd（organization of economic co-operation and development）countries，in particular，how to pay for future public pension liabilities. and early retirement places an__1__burden on pension financing. there is no easy solution，but__2__retirement could help.
early retirement may seem like a worthy individual goal，but it is a socially__3__one，and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. the__4__reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. that means more retirees depending on the__5__of those in work for their income. the__6__is worrying. in the next 50 years，low fertility rates and__7__life expectancy in oecd countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double__8__size. public pension payments，which afford 30-80% of total retirement incomes in oecd countries，are__9__to rise，on average，by over three percentage points in gdp and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.__10__is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today‘s workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they__11__for.
action is needed，__12__simply aiming to reduce the__13__（and cost）of public pensions，or trying to__14__the role of privately funded pensions within the system，though necessary steps，may be__15__to deal with the dependency challenge. after years of__16__early retirement schemes to avoid__17__and higher unemployment，many governments are now looking__18__persuading people to stay in work until they are older. surely，the thinking goes，if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less__19__and unemployment is down，then perhaps the__20__rate should rise anew.
1.[a] unsolvable [b] additional [c] unsustainable [d] undue
2.[a] delaying [b] retaining [c] detaining [d] hindering
3.[a] ultimate [b] unattainable [c] specific [d] expensive
4.[a] substantial [b] essential [c] potential [d] controversial
5.[a] donating [b] sponsoring [c] subsidizing [d] funding
6.[a] outlook [b] outcome [c] outbreak [d] outset
7.[a] prolonging [b] expanding [c] soaring [d] rising
8.[a] in [b] on [c] by [d] for
9.[a] conceived [b] reckoned [c] expected [d] meant
10.[a] as [b] such [c] so [d] it
11.[a] should pay [b] paying [c] be paid [d] would pay
12.[a] but [b] for [c] and [d] thus
13.[a] multitude [b] implementation [c] application [d] generosity
14.[a] exaggerate [b] augment [c] magnify [d] multiply
15.[a] insufficient [b] influential [c] inefficient [d] intrinsic
16.[a] advancing [b] previous [c] ahead [d] preceding
17.[a] suspensions [b] abundances [c] redundancies [d] discrepancies
18.[a] for [b] to [c] about [d] at
19.[a] turbulent [b] strenuous [c] compact [d] intricate
20.[a] dependency [b] fertility [c] present [d] mortality
答案
1.c 2.a 3.d 4.b 5.d 6.a 7.d 8.a 9.c 10.b
11.c 12.a 13.d 14.b 15.a 16.a 17.c 18.d 19.b 20.c
全体分析
这篇文章首要谈论了老龄化给经合组织国家现存养老体系带来的应战。文章第一段指出老龄化给经合组织国家带来的应战，并提出推迟退休可以对处置该疑问有所协助。第二段分析了早退休物资老体系带来的疑问，即越来越多的人早退休而寿数延伸，跟着出世率的降低，就会有更多退休的人依托更少作业的人来为他们养老，养老金在国家财务中所占的比例添加，变成无法承受的担负。第三段谈论晓得决办法，指出只是削减公共养老金的数量，添加私有养老的比例是不可的，许多政府在思考说服我们晚退休。
全文翻译
老龄化给经合组织国家，特别是在如何付出将来的公共养老金负债方面，带来了严峻的应战。早退休给退休金的融资带来了难以承受的担负。没有啥简略的处置方案，但推迟退休（年纪）可以有所协助。
早退休可以看起来是个值得寻求的自个方针，但关于社会来说却是名贵的，它使其时的公共养老金体系难以耐久。根柢缘由是更多的人退休早而寿数却更长。这意味着更多的退休人员要依靠在职者的赞助作为收入。这一前景是令人担忧的。将来50年，经合组织国家的低出世率和预期寿数的添加将使这一晚年依靠率提巨大约一倍。占经合组织国家悉数退休收入30%-80%的公共退休金的开支，在国内出产总值中的比例预期将均匀添加跨越三个百分点，而在有些国家甚至会添加8个百分点。养老基金的压力如此之大致使于如今的工人有得不到他们预期或认为大约得到的养老金的风险。
行为是必需的，但只是企图削减公共养老金的大方度或添加体系内私有养老金的作用，尽管是必要的，但在应对这种依靠应战方面仍是不可的。前些年为了避免下岗及高赋闲，政府采纳提前早退休的方案，而如今许多政府正思考?滴颐峭淼阃诵荨５比唬鞘钦饷聪氲模俣ㄈ缃裨勖怯影部盗恕⒐さ竽央隽Φ男枨蠼档土恕⒏诚新室步档土耍敲矗ㄗ饕担┑交崧士梢砸哺么油飞仙恕?br>
九、罗马人的建国
the success of augustus owed much to the character of roman theorizing about the state. the romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states，such as__2__ to the greeks. with very few exceptions，roman theorists ignored，or rejected__3__ valueless，intellectual exercises like plato‘s republic，in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. the closest the roman came to the greek model was cicero’s de re publica，and even here cicero had rome clearly in __7__. roman thought about the state was concrete，even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. the first ruler of rome，romulus，was__9__ to have received authority from the gods，specifically from jupiter，the“guarantor”of rome. all constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__，the family heads who formed the original senate，__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority，because its original function was to__14__the gods. being practical as well as exclusive，the senators moved__15__to divide the authority，holding that their consuls，or chief officials，would possess it on__16__months，and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. the system grew with enormous __20__，as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
1.[a] with [b] for [c] in [d] to
2. [a] tempted [b] attracted [c] appealed [d] transferred
3. [a] on [b] for [c] as [d] about
4. [a] which [b] that [c] what [d] it
5. [a] turned [b] worked [c] brought [d] made
6. [a] special [b] specific [c] peculiar [d] particular
7. [a] existence [b] store [c] reality [d] mind
8. [a] abandoned [b] caught [c] separated [d] involved
9. [a] told [b] held [c] suggested [d] advised
10. [a] tendency [b] procedure [c] development [d] relation
11. [a] authority [b] power [c] control [d] ruling
12. [a] officers [b] men [c] administrators [d] fathers
13. [a] possessed [b] claimed [c] assured [d] enforced
14. [a] confirm [b] confer [c] consult [d] consider
15. [a] over [b] along [c] on [d] about
16. [a] alternate [b] different [c] varied [d] several
17. [a] and [b] so [c] or [d] but
18. [a] state [b] country [c] people [d] national
19. [a] as [b] when [c] if [d] so
20. [a] dimension [b] complexity [c] exercise [d] function
答案
1. b 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. d 7.d 8.d 9. b 10. c
11. a 12. d 13.a 14.c 15. c 16. a 17. d 18. a 19. b 20. b
全体分析
这篇文章介绍了罗马人有关国家缔造的理论。第一句指出罗马人有关国家构成的理论很有特征。第二句至第五句指出，罗马人的理论与希腊人的大纷歧样，对错常具体的。第六句至文章结束具体论说了罗马人关于国家权力的一切和分配方法。
全文翻译
奥古斯都（罗马帝国第一代皇帝）的成功很大程度上归功于罗马人将国家理论化的特征。罗马人没有拟定出让希腊人感快乐喜爱的缔造抱负国家的雄伟规划。在柏拉图的《抱负国》中不触及具体自个或国家的一种自个与国家之间的联络被具体地方案出来，但罗马理论家们几乎无一破例地无视或回绝承受像《抱负国》这样的智力练习，认为它们毫无价值。罗马人最接近希腊方法的是西塞罗的《论国家》，甚至在这本书中西塞罗的心中现已对罗马有了十清楚白的主意。即便触及到宗教和道德概念，罗马人关于国家的主意也是具体的。罗马的第一位控制者罗穆卢斯被认为从神，特别是从罗马的关照神宙斯那里获得了权力。一切宪法的打开都是一种赋予和监督这种权力的办法。很显着，我们信赖只需先父们的立法机构，即一家之主们构成的开始的参议院，才具有行使这种权力所必需的宗教特质，因为它开始的功用是寻求神的启示。既实践又排外的参议员们将权力再进一步切割，认为他们的司法官或总管官员，将每隔一个月具有这项权力，并在之后将其具有权扩展到更低一级级的官员。可是重要的成就是创造了持续的国家权力的概念，这种权力只是暂时体如今某些上层阶层的自个身上，而且只需当一般群众共同附和的时分才被赋予。当新的部分和立法机构被创造出来而且几乎没有任何一个被扔掉的时分，这个隙т得越来越凌乱。
十、苏美尔人
all sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common，including the sky god，the lord of storms，and the morning and evening star.__1__the sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility，love，and war，she was evidently lower__2__status than the male gods，indicating that in a more urbanized society the__3__that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had__4__. the gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__，and one‘s life a period of slavery at their easy will. the epic poem the creation emphasizes that__6__were created to enable the gods to__7__ up working. each city moreover had its own god，who was considered to__8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.__9__the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the__10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored__11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. when，after 3，000 b. c.，growing warfare among the cities made military leadership__13__，the head of the army who became king assumed a（n）__14__position between the god，whose agent he was，and the priestly class，whom he had both to use and to __15__. thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.__16__them were the scribes，the secular attendants of the temple，who__17__every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.__18__the temple officials，society was divided among an elite or__19__ group of large landowners and military leaders；a mixed group of merchants，artisans，and craftsmen，free peasants who__20__ the majority of the population；and slaves.
1. [a] unless [b] as [c] lest [d] although
2. [a] on [b] in [c] with [d] about
3. [a] worship [b] reverence [c] admiration [d] gratitude
4. [a] vanished [b] recovered [c] declined [d] attained
5. [a] unpredictable[b] unforgivable[c] unlimited [d] unlikely
6. [a] creatures [b] animals [c] men [d] mortals
7. [a] use [b] turn [c] give [d] back
8. [a] inhabit [b] live [c] reside [d] lodge
9. [a] hence [b] thereafter [c] somehow [d] incidentally
10. [a] introduction[b] transaction [c] distribution[d] provision
11. [a] as [b] for [c] under [d] of
12. [a] along [b] anyway [c] afterwards [d] alike
13. [a] additional [b] vital [c] singular [d] exceptional
14. [a] alternative [b] secondary [c] intermediate[d] fundamental
15. [a] pacify [b] tempt [c] suppress [d] manipulate
16. [a] beside [b] beyond [c] below [d] before
17. [a] supervised [b] held [c] managed [d] presided
18. [a] around [b] under [c] above [d] outside
19. [a] leading [b] noble [c] controlling [d] principal
20. [a] consist [b] compose [c] compile [d] consume
答案
1. d 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. d 7.c 8.a 9. a 10. c
11. b 12. d 13.b 14.c 15. a 16. c 17. a 18. d 19. b 20. b
全体分析
这篇文章介绍了苏美尔人对神的崇拜及由此致使的社会阶层的区别。第一句至第四句为一个意群，首要介绍了苏美尔人对神的崇拜，以及神赶过于人之上。第五句至倒数第二句为一个意群，介绍了因为对神的崇拜而呈现的社会上层阶层及其功能。末句趁便阐明晰在宗教体系之外的社会阶层。
全文翻译
一切的苏美尔城邦都认可许多一起的神，包括天空之神、风暴之王、晨星和昏星。尽管苏美尔人崇拜代表繁衍、爱和战争的女神，但她在方位上却显着低于男性神。这标明在一个更趋都市化的社会中，曩昔年代的民族早年致以大地母亲神的敬意现已削减。神如同都极端暴力且捉摸不定，人的终身变成任他们支配和奴役的终身。史诗《创世记》中偏重人类被创造出来是为了使神扔掉劳作。而且每一座城邦都有它自个的神，该神被认为的确居住在古刹里，理论上则是城邦里一切工业的具有者。因而诠释神的意志而且控制城市经济产品的分配的僧侣以他们超天然的以及在物质方面享有的功用而遭到喜爱。公元前3000年今后，当城市不断增多的战事使军事领导才干变得非常重要时，变成国王的戎行领袖占有了在神与僧侣阶层之间的方位，他是神的代言人，对僧侣阶层既使用又抚慰。因而在一个等级社会我国王和僧侣代表了上层阶层。居于他们之下的是书吏，即，古刹世俗的侍臣，他监督城市经济日子的方方面面，并拟定大概的司法体系。在古刹官员之外，社会被区别为四类人：大地主和军事领导人这样一群高手和贵族员群；商人、工匠和技工的混合集体；占人员大有些的安适农人；奴隶。
十一、情人节的来历
valentine‘s day may come from the ancient roman feast of lupercalia. __1__ the fierce wolves roamed nearby，the old romans called __2__ the god lupercus to help them. a festival in his __3__ was held on february 15th. on the eve of the festival the __4__ of the girls were written on __5__ of paper and placed in jars. each young man __6__ a slip. the girl whose name was __7__ was to be his sweetheart for the year.
legend __8__ it that the holiday became valentine‘s day __9__ a roman priest named valentine. emperor claudius ii __10__ the roman soldiers not to marry or become engaged. claudius felt married soldiers would __11__ stay home than fight. when valentine __12__ the emperor and secretly married the young couples，he was put to death on february 14th，the __13__ of lupercalia. after his death，valentine became a __14__. christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—valentine’s day. now the holiday honors valentine __15__ of lupercus.
valentine‘s day has become a major __16__ of love and romance in the modern world. the ancient god cupid and his __17__ into a lover’s heart may still be used to __18__ falling in love or being in love. but we also use cards and gifts，such as flowers or jewelry，to do this. __19__ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on valentine‘s day can sometimes be as __20__ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.
1.[a] while [b] when [c] though [d] unless
2.[a] upon [b] back [c] off [d] away
3.[a] honor [b] belief [c] hand [d] way
4.[a] problems [b] secrets [c] names [d] intentions
5.[a] rolls [b] piles [c] works [d] slips
6.[a] cast [b] caught [c] drew [d] found
7.[a] given [b] chosen [c] elected [d] delivered
8.[a] tells [b] means [c] makes [d] has
9.[a] after [b] since [c] as [d] from
10.[a] ordered [b] pleaded [c] envisioned [d] believed
11.[a] other [b] simply [c] rather [d] all
12.[a] disliked [b] defied [c] defeated [d] dishonored
13.[a] celebration [b] arrangement [c] feast [d] eve
14.[a] goat [b] saint [c] model [d] weapon
15.[a] because [b] made [c] instead [d] learnt
16.[a] part [b] representative[c] judgement [d] symbol
17.[a] story [b] wander [c] arrow [d] play
18.[a] portray [b] require [c] demand [d] alert
19.[a] keeping [b] disapproving[c] supporting [d] forgetting
20.[a] constructive [b] damaging [c] reinforcing [d] retorting
答案
1.b 2.a 3.a 4.c 5.d 6.c 7.b 8.d 9.a 10.a
11.c 12.b 13.d 14.b 15.c 16.d 17.c 18.a 19d. 20.b
全体分析
这篇文章介绍了情人节的由来。第一段介绍情人节的前身牧神节以及该节日里抽签选恋人的庆祝活动。第二段介绍情人节是为了留念一位罗马牧师。第三段指出情人节现已变成爱的首要标志。
全文翻译
圣瓦伦丁节（即，情人节）可以源自古罗马的牧神节。当凶狠的狼群在邻近游荡时，陈旧的罗马人恳求牧神卢帕克斯来协助他们。一个向该神表达敬意的节日于2月15日举办。在这个节日的前夕女孩们的名字被写在纸条上并放入罐中。每位年青的男人都抽一张纸条，被抽中名字的女孩在将来一年中将变成他的恋人。
传说这个节日之所以变成圣瓦伦丁节是为了留念一位名叫瓦伦丁的罗马牧师。国王克劳底斯二世指令罗马兵士不得成婚或订亲。克劳底斯认为结了婚的兵士更情愿留守家中而不是上战场。当瓦伦丁违背了国王的自愿，隐秘让年青人成了婚之后，他于2月14日即牧神节的前夕被处决。瓦伦丁死后，成了圣徒。基督教会牧师们将这个节日从15日改为14日，即，圣瓦伦丁节。如今这个节日留念的是瓦伦丁而再不是牧神卢帕克斯。
圣瓦伦丁节在现代世界里现已变成爱和浪漫的一个首要标志。古代的爱神丘比特和他射入爱人心中的箭或许仍然被用来体现爱上或人或谈恋爱。可是咱们也运用卡片和礼物，比方鲜花或珠宝来做相同的作业。在圣瓦伦丁节忘掉给老婆或恋人送花有时能像忘掉生日或成婚留念日相同糟糕。
十二、冰雪路面驾车的阅历
driving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. it is a paradox that the snow，coming __1__ gently，blowing gleefully in a high wind，all the while __2__ down a treacherous carpet，freezes the windows，__3__ the view. the might of automated man is__4__ . the horses，the powerful electrical systems，the deep-tread tires，all go __5__ nothing. one minute the road feels __6__，and the next the driver is sliding over it，light as a__7__，in a panic，wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up__8__the rear are going to do. the trucks are like __9__ when you have to pass them，not at sixty or seventy __10__ you do when the road is dry，but at twenty-five and thirty. __11__ their engines sound unnaturally loud. snow，slush and__12__ of ice spray from beneath the wheels，obscure the windshield，and rattle __13__your car. beneath the wheels there is plenty of __14__ for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. inch __15__ inch you move up，past the rear wheels，the center wheels，the cab，the front wheels，all__16__too slowly by. straight ahead you continue，__17__ to cut over sharply would send you into a slip，__18__in front of the vehicle. at last，there is__19__enough，and you creep back over，in front of the truck now，but__20__the sound of its engine still thundering in your ears.
1. [a] up [b] off [c] down [d] on
2. [a] lies [b] lays [c] settles [d] sends
3. [a] blocks [b] strikes [c] puffs [d] cancels
4. [a] muted [b] discovered [c] doubled [d] undervalued
5. [a] for [b] with [c] into [d] from
6. [a] comfortable [b] weak [c] risky [d] firm
7. [a] loaf [b] feather [c] leaf [d] fog
8. [a] beneath [b] from [c] under [d] beyond
9. [a] dwarfs [b] giants [c] patients [d] princesses
10. [a] what [b] since [c] as [d] that
11. [a] so [b] but [c] or [d] then
12. [a] flakes [b] flocks [c] chips [d] cakes
13. [a] onto [b] against [c] off [d] along
14. [a] snow [b] earth [c] room [d] ice
15. [a] by [b] after [c] for [d] with
16. [a] climbing [b] crawling [c] winding [d] sliding
17. [a] meanwhile [b] unless [c] whereas [d] for
18. [a] sheer [b] mostly [c] rarely [d] right
19. [a] might [b] distance [c] air [d] power
20. [a] with [b] like [c] inside [d] upon
答案
1.c 2.b 3.a 4.a 5.a 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.b 10.c
11.d 12.c 13.c 14.c 15.a 16.d 17.d 18.d 19.b 20.a
全体分析
这篇文章描绘了在冰雪掩盖的路面上开车的阅历。文章首句为主题句，归纳了这种阅历的特征是“令人非常严峻”。第二至四句别离介绍了下雪带来的风险和机器变得没有多大用处。从第五句到文章最终则描绘了在这种晦气条件下和大货车一同行进的严峻阅历。
全文翻译
在暴风雪中驱车长间隔地行进于冰雪掩盖的路面上是一种令人非常严峻的阅历。敌对的是雪一面悄悄地飘落，在强风中开心肠吹着，一面又不断地吹落可以带来风险的毯子，封冻窗户，挡住视野。机器的力气被削弱了。马、强有力的电子体系、深胎面的轮胎都毫无用处。一分钟前路面还很健壮，下一分钟司机就在上面打滑，轻飘飘地，处于惊惧之中，想着从后边俄然呈现的粗笨的挂了拖车的货车会干出啥作业来。当你不得不开车经过这些货车时，它们就像巨人一般。这时你行进的速度不是当路面单调时的60或70，而是25和30.而且它们的引擎听起来极端尖利。雪、泥和冰残余从轮子下喷洒出来，使挡风玻璃变得迷糊不清，然后格格作响地从车上掉下。货车轮子下的空间很大，足以让你滑进入并被碾成肉酱。你一点点的往前移动，经过货车的后轮，中心的轮子，驾御室，前轮，一切这悉数都是极端缓慢地滑曩昔的。你持续笔直地往前开，因为俄然超车抢道到货车前面会使你的车滑倒，正好倒在大货车的前面。最终总算和货车有了一段间隔了，你才逐渐地往后挪，挪到另外一车道上，如今你行使在货车的前面了，可是引擎的声响仍然响彻云霄。
2021考研英语仿照题(1)
sectionⅰuse of english
directions：
read the following text. choose the best word（s）from each numbered blank and mark a，b，c or d on answer sheet 1.（10 points）
as former colonists of great britain，the founding fathers of the united states adopted much of the legal system of great britain. we have a“common law”，or law made by courts__1__a monarch or other central governmental__2__like a legislature. the jury，a__3__of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case，is an__4__ part of our common-law system.
use of juries to decide cases is a__5__feature of the american legal system. few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the united states.__6__the centuries，many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result__7__would be obtained using a judge__8__，as many countries do.__9__a jury decides cases after“__10__”，or discussions among a group of people，the jury‘s decision is likely to have the__11__ from many different people from different backgrounds，who must as a group decide what is right.
juries are used in both civil cases，which decide__12__ among__13__ citizens，and criminal cases，which decide cases brought by the government __14__ that individuals have committed crimes. juries are selected from the u.s. citizens and__15__. jurors，consisting of __16__ numbers，are called for each case requiring a jury.
the judge__17__to the case__18__the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. in some states，__19__jurors are questioned by the judge；in others，they are questioned by the lawyers representing the__20__under rules dictated by state law.
1. [a] other than [b] rather than [c] more than [d] or rather
2. [a] agency [b] organization [c] institution [d] authority
3. [a] panel [b] crew [c] band [d] flock
4. [a] innate [b] intact [c] integral [d] integrated
5. [a]discriminating[b] distinguishing [c] determining [d] diminishing
6. [a] in [b] by [c] after [d] over
7. [a] that [b] which [c] than [d] as
8. [a] alike [b] alone [c] altogether [d] apart
9. [a] although [b] because [c] if [d] while
10.[a] deliberations [b] meditations [c] reflections [d] speculations
11.[a] outline [b] outcome [c] input [d] intake
12.[a] arguments [b] controversies [c] disputes [d] hostilities
13.[a] fellow [b] individual [c] personal [d] private
14.[a] asserting [b] alleging [c] maintaining [d] testifying
15.[a] assembled [b] evoked [c] rallied [d] summoned
16.[a] set [b] exact [c] given [d] placed
17.[a] allocated [b] allotted [c] appointed [d] assigned
18.[a] administers [b] manages [c] oversees [d] presides
19.[a] inspective [b] irrespective [c] perspective [d] prospective
20.[a] bodies [b] parties [c] sides [d] units
the treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the country‘s speed camera network is expanded. motoring organizations warned that the __1__could become a poll tax on wheels’，__2__huge number of drivers. there could be many more incidents of vandalism __3__cameras.the warnings came__4__a daily mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces in england and wales were either__5__to expansion plans or considering __6__.
nationwide，the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble，__7__ 90 million a year.__8__the scheme，police keep some of the cash from fines to __9__the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and__10__that existing ones always have film in them. the rest will go to the treasury. both ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed__11__at making roads safer. they point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by __12__a half.
but motoring organizations fear cameras will be sited on relatively safe__13__fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. some forces are also expected to__14__the“threshold”speeds at which cameras are__15__to the absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit，and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. this could encourage drivers to stare at their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road，and __16__to more accidents. sue nicholson，head of campaigns at the rac，said，“we don‘t have a problem with speed cameras __17__. but we do have concerns about__18__they are sited. police risk losing credibility __19__motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising __20__safety devices.”
1. [a] promotions [b] punishments [c] penalties [d] payments
2. [a] isolating [b] separating [c] alienating [d] detaching
3. [a] towards [b] against [c] before [d] over
4. [a] so [b] once [c] as [d] where
5. [a] subjected [b] engaged [c] intended [d] committed
6. [a] taking part [b] keeping silence [c] making exception [d] paying respect
7. [a] financing [b] profiting [c] funding [d] netting
8. [a] from [b] under [c] on [d] with
9. [a] hide [b] cover [c] conceal [d] veil
10. [a] pledging [b] assuring [c] confirming [d] ensuring
11. [a] essentially [b] strongly [c] wholeheartedly [d] purely
12. [a] in all [b] fewer than [c] at most [d] up to
13. [a] but [b] whereas [c] though [d] while
14. [a] fit [b] put [c] set [d] fix
15. [a] levered [b] geared [c] handled [d] triggered
16. [a] lead [b] add [c] contribute [d] resort
17. [a] any less [b] by itself [c] after all [d] as such
18. [a] who [b] when [c] where [d] which
19. [a] in [b] with [c] against [d] for
20. [a] in spite of [b] far from [c] rather than [d] by means of
the mass media is a big part of our culture，yet it can also be a helper，adviser and teacher to our young generation. the mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a（an）__1__for a number of institutions and social contacts. in this way，it__2__ a variety of functions in human life.
the time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the__3__ of leisure：there is less time for games，amusement and rest.__4__ by what is happening on the screen，children not only imitate what they see but directly__5__ themselves with different characters. americans have been concerned about the__6__ of violence in the media and its__7__harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. during this period，new media __8__，such as video games，cable television，music videos，and the internet. as they continue to gain popularity，these media，__9__television，__10__public concern and research attention.
another large societal concern on our young generation__11__by the media，is body image.__12__forces can influence body image positively or negatively.__13__one，societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing__14__our concepts of beauty. in the mass media，the images of__15__beauty fill magazines and newspapers，__16__from our televisions and entertain us__17__the movies. even in advertising，the mass media__18__on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. young adults are presented with a__19__defined standard of attractiveness，a（n）__20__that carries unrealistic physical expectations.
1. [a] alternative [b] preference [c] substitute [d] representative
2. [a] accomplishes[b] fulfills [c] provides [d] suffices
3. [a] risk [b] mercy [c] height [d] expense
4. [a] absorbed [b] attracted [c] aroused [d] addicted
5. [a] identify [b] recognize [c] unify [d] equate
6. [a] abundance [b] incidence [c] prevalence [d] reccurrence
7. [a] disposed [b] hidden [c] implicit [d] potential
8. [a] merged [b] emerged [c] immerged [d] submerged
9. [a] apart from [b] much as [c] but for [d] along with
10. [a] promote [b] propel [c] prompt [d] prosper
11. [a] inspired [b] imposed [c] delivered [d] contributed
12. [a] external [b] exterior [c] explicit [d] exposed
13. [a] as [b] at [c] for [d] in
14. [a] mark [b] effect [c] impact [d] shock
15. [a] generalized [b] regularized [c] standardized[d] categorized
16. [a] boom [b] bottom [c] brim [d] beam
17. [a] over [b] with [c] on [d] at
18. [a] play [b] take [c] profit [d] resort
19. [a] barely [b] carefully [c] narrowly [d] subjectively
20. [a] ideal [b] image [c] stereotype [d] criterion
a recent parliamentary report blames the government and the food industry for the growth in obesity. the department of transport is blamed for not doing enough to__1__facilities for pedestrians and cyclists while__2__ to pressure from motoring organizations representing car users. the ministry of education is__3__of selling off school playing fields and not doing enough to__4__adequate facilities for physical education and games. young people in britain have become crazy about football（soccer and rugby），but too often as__5__“couch potatoes”。
the food industry is blamed for promoting junk food to school children and not doing enough to__6__down on sugar，fats and salt in prepared foods. the industry，__7__by the current popularity of the atkins low-carbohydrate diet，has begun to __8__，but it is trying to protect a huge market and will need to do__9__more if it is to__10__off increased regulation.
japan seems less__11__so far by the problem of obesity，__12__ as the japanese diet becomes increasingly__13__（burgers and doughnuts）the problem will grow. __14__，japanese cuisine has become highly popular in britain. it is seen as healthy in a different way from the mediterranean diet__15__its emphasis on tomatoes and olive oil combined with red wine.
a fairly small amount of red wine is now__16__as beneficial to the heart，__17__its other encouraging properties. but britain has to do more to__18__the problems of alcoholism__19__with the binge-drinking culture—including violence and vandalism. limited consumption of alcohol，as long as it is not__20__with driving，is harmless and possibly beneficial.
1. [a] stimulate [b] commend [c] promote [d] elevate
2. [a] submitting [b] subjecting [c] subordinating [d] surrendering
3. [a] charged [b] denounced [c] scolded [d] accused
4. [a] assure [b] ensure [c] secure [d] guard
5. [a] speculating [b] spectating [c] specializing [d] sightseeing
6. [a] fall [b] get [c] cut [d] bring
7. [a] stung [b] bitten [c] chewed [d] licked
8. [a] retort [b] refute [c] respond [d] resolve
9. [a] abundantly [b] considerably [c] extensively [d] principally
10. [a] defend [b] beat [c] hold [d] ward
11. [a] upset [b] affected [c] effected [d] impressed
12. [a] or [b] for [c] but [d] if
13. [a] popularized [b] globalized [c] westernized [d] localized
14. [a] accordingly[b] interestingly [c] surprisingly [d] strikingly
15. [a] as [b] on [c] but [d] with
16. [a] accepted [b] approved [c] assumed [d] acknowledged
17. [a] but for [b] let alone [c] regardless of [d] much less
18. [a] cope [b] challenge [c] tackle [d] undertake
19. [a] matched [b] related [c] united [d] associated
20. [a] bonded [b] combined [c] merged [d] incorporated
chronic insomnia is a major public health problem. and too many people are using__1__ therapies，even while there are a few treatments that do work. millions of americans __2__awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or __3__an pill，hoping it will make them sleepy.__4__ experts agree all that self-medicating is a bad idea，and the causes of chronic insomnia remain__5__.
almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping，and about 10 percent have__6__ of daytime impairment that signal true insomnia. but __7__the complaints，scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia，its health consequences and how best to treat it，a panel of specialists __8__together by the national institutes of health concluded wednesday. the panel called__9__a broad range of research into insomnia，__10__that if scientists understood its __11__causes，they could develop better treatments.
most，but not all，insomnia is thought to __12__other health problems，from arthritis and depression to cardiovascular disease. the question often is whether the insomnia came first or was a result of the other diseases and how trouble sleeping in__13__complicates those other problems. other diseases __14__，the risk of insomnia seems to increase with age and to be more __15__among women，especially after their 50s. smoking，caffeine and numerous __16__drugs also affect sleep.
the nih is spending about $200 million this year on sleep-related research，some__17__to specific disorders and others __18__the underlying scientific laws that control the nervous system of sleep. the agency was__19__the panel‘s review before deciding what additional work should be__20__ at insomnia.
1. [a] unproven [b] unknown [c] improper [d] imperative
2. [a] fall [b] lie [c] seem [d] become
3. [a] prescribe [b] pop [c] abuse [d] experiment
4. [a] and [b] though [c] thus [d] but
5. [a] peculiar [b] anonymous [c] mysterious [d] unexpected
6. [a] signals [b] symptoms [c] signs [d] symbols
7. [a] in addition to[b] except for [c] owing to [d] for all
8. [a] pulled [b] collected [c] brought [d] drawn
9. [a] on [b] for [c] up [d] in
10. [a] noting [b] notifying [c] nosing [d] nominating
11. [a] undertaking[b] underlining [c] underlying [d] undermining
12. [a] cause [b] accompany [c] follow [d] attend
13. [a] short [b] case [c] essence [d] turn
14. [a] inside [b] outside [c] aside [d] besides
15. [a] common [b] popular [c] frequent [d] regular
16. [a] conscription[b] description [c] subscription[d] prescription
17. [a] aimed [b] targeted [c] designated [d] designed
18. [a] examining [b] inspecting [c] verifying [d] assessing
19. [a] conducting [b] awaiting [c] receiving [d] considering
20. [a] assigned [b] charged [c] directed [d] attended
答案
a recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the united states believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. as a（an）__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. she was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. the audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“there‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. she’s just __6__you out.”
a leading cause of the __7__divorce rate（more than half of all marriages end in divorce）is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. they don‘t listen to each other. neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.
in __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. why？because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. in fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. the following is a true story：at a national__14__conference held in albuquerque some years ago，then senator joseph montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. when he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. he began，“for immediate release. senator joseph m. montoya，democrat of new mexico，last night told the national……”montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.”
1.[a] scarce [b] little [c] rare [d] poor
2.[a] malignant [b] deficient [c] ineffective [d] feeble
3.[a] case [b] example [c] lesson [d] suggestion
4.[a] audio [b] aural [c] hearing [d] listening
5.[a] believing [b] convinced [c] assured [d] doubtless
6.[a] turning [b] tuning [c] tucking [d] tugging
7.[a] rising [b] arising [c] raising [d] arousing
8.[a] exchange [b] interchange [c] encounter [d] interact
9.[a] relates [b] refers [c] responds [d] resorts
10.[a] like [b] alike [c] likely [d] likewise
11.[a] nominated [b] selected [c] appointed [d] supported
12.[a] connection [b] reach [c] association [d] touch
13.[a] leading [b] representing [c]delegating [d] supporting
14.[a] legislative [b] legitimate [c] legalized [d] liberal
15.[a] distributed [b] awarded [c] handed [d] submitted
16.[a] present [b] publish [c] deliver [d] pursue
17.[a] to [b] with [c] for [d] on
18.[a] joy [b] enjoyment [c] amusement [d] delight
19.[a] conclude [b] to conclude [c] concluding [d] concluded
20.[a] disrupted [b] interfered [c] interrupted [d] stopped
there is growing interest in east japan railway co. ltd，one of the six companies，created out of the privatized nationa__l__ railway system. in an industry lacking exciting growth1，its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations__2__is drawing interest.
in a plan called“station renaissance”that it__3__in november，jr east said that it would__4__using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants，extending them to__5__more suitable for the information age. it wants train stations as pick-up__6__for such goods as books，flowers and groceries__7__over the internet. in a country where city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting，about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway，the company __10__. so，picking up commodities at train stations__11__consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries. jr east already has been using its station__12__stores for this purpose，but it plans to create__13__spaces for the delivery of internet goods.
the company also plans to introduce __14__cards—known in japan as ic cards because they use integrated circuit for__15__information__16__ train tickets and commuter passes__17__the magnetic ones used today，integrating them into a/an __18__pass. this will save the company money，because__19__for ic cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. increased use of ic cards should also__20__the space needed for ticket vending.
1.[a] perspectives [b] outlooks [c] prospects [d] spectacles
2.[a] creatively [b] originally [c] authentically [d] initially
3.[a] displayed [b] demonstrated [c] embarked [d] unveiled
4.[a] go beyond [b] set out [c] come around [d] spread over
5.[a] applications [b] enterprises [c] functions [d]performances
6.[a] districts [b] vicinities [c] resorts [d] locations
7.[a] acquired [b] purchased [c] presided [d] attained
8.[a] lodgers [b] tenants [c] dwellers [d] boarders
9.[a] for [b] in [c] of [d] as
10.[a] figures [b] exhibits [c] convinces [d] speculates
11.[a] deprives [b] retrieves [c] spares [d] exempts
12.[a] conjunction [b] convenience [c] department [d] ornament
13.[a] delegated [b] designated [c] devoted [d] dedicated
14.[a] clever [b] smart [c] ingenious [d] intelligent
15.[a] checking [b] gathering [c] holding [d] accommodating
16.[a] as [b] for [c] with [d] of
17.[a] but for [b] as well as [c] instead of [d] more than
18.[a] unique [b] single [c] unitary [d] only
19.[a] devices [b] instruments [c] readers [d] examiners
20.[a] reduce [b] narrow [c] dwarf [d] shrink
aging poses a serious challenge to oecd（organization of economic co-operation and development）countries，in particular，how to pay for future public pension liabilities. and early retirement places an__1__burden on pension financing. there is no easy solution，but__2__retirement could help.
early retirement may seem like a worthy individual goal，but it is a socially__3__one，and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. the__4__reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. that means more retirees depending on the__5__of those in work for their income. the__6__is worrying. in the next 50 years，low fertility rates and__7__life expectancy in oecd countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double__8__size. public pension payments，which afford 30-80% of total retirement incomes in oecd countries，are__9__to rise，on average，by over three percentage points in gdp and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.__10__is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today‘s workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they__11__for.
action is needed，__12__simply aiming to reduce the__13__（and cost）of public pensions，or trying to__14__the role of privately funded pensions within the system，though necessary steps，may be__15__to deal with the dependency challenge. after years of__16__early retirement schemes to avoid__17__and higher unemployment，many governments are now looking__18__persuading people to stay in work until they are older. surely，the thinking goes，if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less__19__and unemployment is down，then perhaps the__20__rate should rise anew.
1.[a] unsolvable [b] additional [c] unsustainable [d] undue
2.[a] delaying [b] retaining [c] detaining [d] hindering
3.[a] ultimate [b] unattainable [c] specific [d] expensive
4.[a] substantial [b] essential [c] potential [d] controversial
5.[a] donating [b] sponsoring [c] subsidizing [d] funding
6.[a] outlook [b] outcome [c] outbreak [d] outset
7.[a] prolonging [b] expanding [c] soaring [d] rising
8.[a] in [b] on [c] by [d] for
9.[a] conceived [b] reckoned [c] expected [d] meant
10.[a] as [b] such [c] so [d] it
11.[a] should pay [b] paying [c] be paid [d] would pay
12.[a] but [b] for [c] and [d] thus
13.[a] multitude [b] implementation [c] application [d] generosity
14.[a] exaggerate [b] augment [c] magnify [d] multiply
15.[a] insufficient [b] influential [c] inefficient [d] intrinsic
16.[a] advancing [b] previous [c] ahead [d] preceding
17.[a] suspensions [b] abundances [c] redundancies [d] discrepancies
18.[a] for [b] to [c] about [d] at
19.[a] turbulent [b] strenuous [c] compact [d] intricate
20.[a] dependency [b] fertility [c] present [d] mortality
答案
the success of augustus owed much to the character of roman theorizing about the state. the romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states，such as__2__ to the greeks. with very few exceptions，roman theorists ignored，or rejected__3__ valueless，intellectual exercises like plato‘s republic，in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. the closest the roman came to the greek model was cicero’s de re publica，and even here cicero had rome clearly in __7__. roman thought about the state was concrete，even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. the first ruler of rome，romulus，was__9__ to have received authority from the gods，specifically from jupiter，the“guarantor”of rome. all constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__，the family heads who formed the original senate，__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority，because its original function was to__14__the gods. being practical as well as exclusive，the senators moved__15__to divide the authority，holding that their consuls，or chief officials，would possess it on__16__months，and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. the system grew with enormous __20__，as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
1.[a] with [b] for [c] in [d] to
2. [a] tempted [b] attracted [c] appealed [d] transferred
3. [a] on [b] for [c] as [d] about
4. [a] which [b] that [c] what [d] it
5. [a] turned [b] worked [c] brought [d] made
6. [a] special [b] specific [c] peculiar [d] particular
7. [a] existence [b] store [c] reality [d] mind
8. [a] abandoned [b] caught [c] separated [d] involved
9. [a] told [b] held [c] suggested [d] advised
10. [a] tendency [b] procedure [c] development [d] relation
11. [a] authority [b] power [c] control [d] ruling
12. [a] officers [b] men [c] administrators [d] fathers
13. [a] possessed [b] claimed [c] assured [d] enforced
14. [a] confirm [b] confer [c] consult [d] consider
15. [a] over [b] along [c] on [d] about
16. [a] alternate [b] different [c] varied [d] several
17. [a] and [b] so [c] or [d] but
18. [a] state [b] country [c] people [d] national
19. [a] as [b] when [c] if [d] so
20. [a] dimension [b] complexity [c] exercise [d] function
答案
all sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common，including the sky god，the lord of storms，and the morning and evening star.__1__the sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility，love，and war，she was evidently lower__2__status than the male gods，indicating that in a more urbanized society the__3__that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had__4__. the gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__，and one‘s life a period of slavery at their easy will. the epic poem the creation emphasizes that__6__were created to enable the gods to__7__ up working. each city moreover had its own god，who was considered to__8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.__9__the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the__10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored__11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. when，after 3，000 b. c.，growing warfare among the cities made military leadership__13__，the head of the army who became king assumed a（n）__14__position between the god，whose agent he was，and the priestly class，whom he had both to use and to __15__. thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.__16__them were the scribes，the secular attendants of the temple，who__17__every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.__18__the temple officials，society was divided among an elite or__19__ group of large landowners and military leaders；a mixed group of merchants，artisans，and craftsmen，free peasants who__20__ the majority of the population；and slaves.
1. [a] unless [b] as [c] lest [d] although
2. [a] on [b] in [c] with [d] about
3. [a] worship [b] reverence [c] admiration [d] gratitude
4. [a] vanished [b] recovered [c] declined [d] attained
5. [a] unpredictable[b] unforgivable[c] unlimited [d] unlikely
6. [a] creatures [b] animals [c] men [d] mortals
7. [a] use [b] turn [c] give [d] back
8. [a] inhabit [b] live [c] reside [d] lodge
9. [a] hence [b] thereafter [c] somehow [d] incidentally
10. [a] introduction[b] transaction [c] distribution[d] provision
11. [a] as [b] for [c] under [d] of
12. [a] along [b] anyway [c] afterwards [d] alike
13. [a] additional [b] vital [c] singular [d] exceptional
14. [a] alternative [b] secondary [c] intermediate[d] fundamental
15. [a] pacify [b] tempt [c] suppress [d] manipulate
16. [a] beside [b] beyond [c] below [d] before
17. [a] supervised [b] held [c] managed [d] presided
18. [a] around [b] under [c] above [d] outside
19. [a] leading [b] noble [c] controlling [d] principal
20. [a] consist [b] compose [c] compile [d] consume
valentine‘s day may come from the ancient roman feast of lupercalia. __1__ the fierce wolves roamed nearby，the old romans called __2__ the god lupercus to help them. a festival in his __3__ was held on february 15th. on the eve of the festival the __4__ of the girls were written on __5__ of paper and placed in jars. each young man __6__ a slip. the girl whose name was __7__ was to be his sweetheart for the year.
legend __8__ it that the holiday became valentine‘s day __9__ a roman priest named valentine. emperor claudius ii __10__ the roman soldiers not to marry or become engaged. claudius felt married soldiers would __11__ stay home than fight. when valentine __12__ the emperor and secretly married the young couples，he was put to death on february 14th，the __13__ of lupercalia. after his death，valentine became a __14__. christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—valentine’s day. now the holiday honors valentine __15__ of lupercus.
valentine‘s day has become a major __16__ of love and romance in the modern world. the ancient god cupid and his __17__ into a lover’s heart may still be used to __18__ falling in love or being in love. but we also use cards and gifts，such as flowers or jewelry，to do this. __19__ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on valentine‘s day can sometimes be as __20__ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.
1.[a] while [b] when [c] though [d] unless
2.[a] upon [b] back [c] off [d] away
3.[a] honor [b] belief [c] hand [d] way
4.[a] problems [b] secrets [c] names [d] intentions
5.[a] rolls [b] piles [c] works [d] slips
6.[a] cast [b] caught [c] drew [d] found
7.[a] given [b] chosen [c] elected [d] delivered
8.[a] tells [b] means [c] makes [d] has
9.[a] after [b] since [c] as [d] from
10.[a] ordered [b] pleaded [c] envisioned [d] believed
11.[a] other [b] simply [c] rather [d] all
12.[a] disliked [b] defied [c] defeated [d] dishonored
13.[a] celebration [b] arrangement [c] feast [d] eve
14.[a] goat [b] saint [c] model [d] weapon
15.[a] because [b] made [c] instead [d] learnt
16.[a] part [b] representative[c] judgement [d] symbol
17.[a] story [b] wander [c] arrow [d] play
18.[a] portray [b] require [c] demand [d] alert
19.[a] keeping [b] disapproving[c] supporting [d] forgetting
20.[a] constructive [b] damaging [c] reinforcing [d] retorting
driving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. it is a paradox that the snow，coming __1__ gently，blowing gleefully in a high wind，all the while __2__ down a treacherous carpet，freezes the windows，__3__ the view. the might of automated man is__4__ . the horses，the powerful electrical systems，the deep-tread tires，all go __5__ nothing. one minute the road feels __6__，and the next the driver is sliding over it，light as a__7__，in a panic，wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up__8__the rear are going to do. the trucks are like __9__ when you have to pass them，not at sixty or seventy __10__ you do when the road is dry，but at twenty-five and thirty. __11__ their engines sound unnaturally loud. snow，slush and__12__ of ice spray from beneath the wheels，obscure the windshield，and rattle __13__your car. beneath the wheels there is plenty of __14__ for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. inch __15__ inch you move up，past the rear wheels，the center wheels，the cab，the front wheels，all__16__too slowly by. straight ahead you continue，__17__ to cut over sharply would send you into a slip，__18__in front of the vehicle. at last，there is__19__enough，and you creep back over，in front of the truck now，but__20__the sound of its engine still thundering in your ears.
1. [a] up [b] off [c] down [d] on
2. [a] lies [b] lays [c] settles [d] sends
3. [a] blocks [b] strikes [c] puffs [d] cancels
4. [a] muted [b] discovered [c] doubled [d] undervalued
5. [a] for [b] with [c] into [d] from
6. [a] comfortable [b] weak [c] risky [d] firm
7. [a] loaf [b] feather [c] leaf [d] fog
8. [a] beneath [b] from [c] under [d] beyond
9. [a] dwarfs [b] giants [c] patients [d] princesses
10. [a] what [b] since [c] as [d] that
11. [a] so [b] but [c] or [d] then
12. [a] flakes [b] flocks [c] chips [d] cakes
13. [a] onto [b] against [c] off [d] along
14. [a] snow [b] earth [c] room [d] ice
15. [a] by [b] after [c] for [d] with
16. [a] climbing [b] crawling [c] winding [d] sliding
17. [a] meanwhile [b] unless [c] whereas [d] for
18. [a] sheer [b] mostly [c] rarely [d] right
19. [a] might [b] distance [c] air [d] power
20. [a] with [b] like [c] inside [d] upo
曩昔的。你持续笔直地往前开，因为俄然超车抢道到货车前面会使你的车滑倒，正好倒在大货车的前面。最终总算和货车有了一段间隔了，你才逐渐地往后挪，挪到另外一车道上，如今你行使在货车的前面了，可是引擎的声响仍然响彻云霄。
text20
what is your earliest childhood memory? can you remember learning to walk? or talk? the first time you heard thunder or watched a television program? adults seldom 1 events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, 2 children younger than three or four 3 retain any specific, personal experiences.a variety of explanations have been 4 by psychologists for this s like trying to find a chinese word in an english dictionary.now psychologist annette simms of the new york state university offers a new 12 for childhood amnesia. she argues that there simply 13 any early childhood memories to recall. according to dr simms, children need to learn to use someone else’s spoken description of their personal 14 in order to turn their own short term, quickly forgotten 15 of them into long term memories. in other 16 , children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about 17 ― mother talking about the afternoon 18 looking for seashells at the beach or dad asking them about their day at ocean park. without this 19 reinforcement, says dr simms, children cannot form 20 memories of their personal experiences.
1. [a] figure
[b] interpret
[c] recall
[d] affirm
2. [a] now that
[b] even if
[c] as though
[d] just as
3. [a] largely
[b] rarely
[c] merely
[d] really
4. [a] refuted
[b] defied
[c] proposed
[d] witnessed
5. [a] responsible
[b] suitable
[c] favorable
[d] available
6. [a] declines
[b] assesses
[c] estimates
[d] maintains
7. [a] reflect
[b] attain
[c] access
[d] acquire
8. [a] narratives
[b] forecasts
[c]communications
[d] descriptions
9. [a] the rest
[b] another
[c] the other
[d] others
10. [a] deposits
[b] dreams
[c] flashes
[d] files
11. [a] model
[b] pattern
[c] frame
[d] formula
12. [a] emphasis
[b] assertion
[c] explanation
[d] assumption
13. [a] aren’t
[b] weren’t
[c] isn’t
[d] was’t
14. [a] instincts
[b] feelings
[c] sensations
[d] experiences
15. [a] impressions
[b] beliefs
[c] minds
[d] insights
16. [a] senses
[b] cases
[c] words
[d] aspects
17. [a] him
[b] their
[c]it
[d]them
18. [a] taken
[b] utilized
[c] applied
[d] spent
19. [a] habitual
[b] verbal
[c] unique
[d] particular
20. [a] permanent
[b] mental
[c] spiritual
[d] conscious