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the overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.
reinforce加强
introduction引入
refereeing裁定,审稿作业,稿件评定
journal期刊
the overall result has been to make entrance harder.主谓宾宾补的规划; entrance to professional geological journals为宾语；harder for amateurs为宾补。
to professional geological journals作定语润饰 entrance； for amateurs作状语； 
a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century作主语the overall result的同位语。
【微观解析】
that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing为 定语从句润饰 a result，其间 by the widespread introduction of refereeing为状语； by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century为 定语润饰introduction。
同位语后边定语从句中的状语by和定语first…与 and then…中的by的差异。
这样一来,总的成果就是业余喜爱者想在专业地质学期刊上宣告文章就更难了,而被广泛运用的论文评定举荐准则又进一步强化了这一成果,这种准则先被19世纪的国家级刊物引入,后又在20世纪被几家当地级地质学刊物所运用。
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